Archimedes continued naming numbers in this way up to a myriad myriad times the unit of the 10 8-th numbers, i.e. This became the 'unit of the third numbers', whose multiples were the third numbers, and so on. Multiples of this unit then became the second numbers, up to this unit taken a myriad myriad times, 10 8в™±0 8=10 16. To do this, he called the numbers up to a myriad myriad (10 8) 'first numbers' and called 10 8 itself the 'unit of the second numbers'. One of the earliest examples of this is The Sand Reckoner, in which Archimedes gave a system for naming large numbers. Nevertheless, large numbers have an intellectual fascination and are of mathematical interest, and giving them names is one of the ways in which people try to conceptualize and understand them. In some cases, specialized units are used, such as the astronomer's parsec and light year or the particle physicist's barn. When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, SI prefixes can be used-thus 'femtosecond', not 'one quadrillionth of a second'-although often powers of ten are used instead of some of the very high and very low prefixes. This is easier to say and less ambiguous than 'quattuordecillion', which means something different in the long scale and the short scale. 'The X-ray emission of the radio galaxy is 1.3 Г—10 45В joules.' When a number such as 10 45 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out as 'ten to the forty-fifth'. In this notation, powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript, e.g. Even well-established names like sextillion are rarely used, since in the context of science, including astronomy, where such large numbers often occur, they are nearly always written using scientific notation. Names of larger numbers, however, have a tenuous, artificial existence, rarely found outside definitions, lists, and discussions of the ways in which large numbers are named. In 2009, Zimbabwe printed a 100В trillion (10 14) Zimbabwean dollar note, which at the time of printing was worth about US$30. The highest numerical value banknote ever printed was a note for 1 sextillion pengЕ‘ (10 21 or 1 milliard bilpengЕ‘ as printed) printed in Hungary in 1946. At times, the names of large numbers have been forced into common usage as a result of hyperinflation. Some names of large numbers, such as million, billion, and trillion, have real referents in human experience, and are encountered in many contexts. The Oxford English Dictionary comments that googol and googolplex are 'not in formal mathematical use'. None include any higher names in the googol family (googolduplex, etc.). Trigintillion, often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern ( unvigintillion, duovigintillion, duoquinquagintillion, etc.).ДЄll of the dictionaries included googol and googolplex, generally crediting it to the Kasner and Newman book and to Kasner's nephew. Centillion appears to be the highest name ending in -'illion' that is included in these dictionaries. Long scale: French Canada, older British, Western & Central EuropeДЄpart from million, the words in this list ending with - illion are all derived by adding prefixes ( bi-, tri-, etc., derived from Latin) to the stem - illion.Short scale: US, English Canada, modern British, Australia, and Eastern Europe.7 Other large numbers used in mathematics and physics.5 Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers.3 Origins of the 'standard dictionary numbers'.English also has many words, such as 'zillion', used informally to mean large but unspecified amounts see indefinite and fictitious numbers. Indian English does not use millions, but has its own system of large numbers including lakhs and crores. Names of numbers above a trillion are rarely used in practice such large numbers have practical usage primarily in the scientific domain, where powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript. These naming procedures are based on taking the number n occurring in 10 3 n+3 (short scale) or 10 6 n (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-English-speaking areas, including continental Europe and Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America. Two naming scales have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era вЂ“ the long and short scales. This article lists and discusses the usage and derivation of names of large numbers, together with their possible extensions.

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